Israel’s election on Tuesday was the country’s first referendum on its leadership, in particular Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, after years of war, growing international isolation and domestic upheaval, including over a proposed judicial overhaul.

A close look at election data finalized on Thursday offers insights into how this turbulent period may have influenced voting behavior.

With the counting of more than five million ballots complete, here are four takeaways.

Some war-struck communities stood by Netanyahu

Prewar voting patterns largely held up in communities along Israel’s borders with Gaza and Lebanon, including some that suffered heavy damage during and after the Hamas-led attack on Oct. 7, 2023, and repeated rounds of fighting with the Lebanese militia Hezbollah.

The two largest cities in those areas — Kiryat Shmona near Lebanon and Sderot near Gaza — maintained their traditional support for Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud party.

Likud also dominated the vote in several smaller villages along the border with Lebanon, where residents spent many months under evacuation. The same was true in Ashkelon and Ofakim, longtime Likud strongholds close to Gaza that were hit hard by Hamas.

Support for Netanyahu fell in the wealthiest towns

Israel’s highest-income towns and cities — all predominantly secular Jewish communities, many around Tel Aviv — have long been strongholds for center-left parties.