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The total research and development spending by listed companies in the Business Standard sample has risen from ~957.8 cr in FY99 to ~63,529.2 cr in FY26 | Illustration: Ajaya Mohanty
Krishna Kant Mumbai
8 min read
Last Updated :
Sep 22 2026 | 11:59 PM
IST
The balance-of-payments (BoP) crisis that triggered the 1991 economic reforms resulted from India’s inability to bridge the growing gap between foreign exchange expenses and earnings.


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