Sources and scientific references: The physics of El Niño, ocean–atmosphere feedbacks, and ENSO predictability: Timmermann et al. (2018), El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0252-6 How global warming affects ENSO intensity, rainfall, and future risks: Cai et al. (2021), Changing El Niño–Southern Oscillation in a warming climate https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00199-z How El Niño changes atmospheric circulation, regional rainfall, and extreme weather risks worldwide: Yeh et al. (2018), ENSO Atmospheric Teleconnections and Their Response to Greenhouse Gas Forcing https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017RG000568 The effects of El Niño and La Niña on rice, wheat, maize, and soybean yields: Iizumi et al. (2014), Impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation on the global yields of major crops https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4712 Long-term economic losses following El Niño events and their cumulative effects on global growth: Callahan and Mankin (2023), Persistent effect of El Niño on global economic growth https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf2983