• Participants with no risk factors had the longest and healthiest lives — The study grouped people by how many of these five risks they had at age 50, then followed them to estimate how long they lived without cardiovascular disease and without dying from any cause.

Women who had none of the five risk factors lived an average of 14.5 more years without early death and 13.3 more years free of heart disease. Men gained 11.8 years free of premature death and 10.6 years free of cardiovascular disease compared to those who had all five risks.

• Each additional risk factor shaved years off healthy lifespan — The more risk factors present at age 50, the greater the loss in years lived without heart disease. Having all five meant a dramatically shorter life span. The research showed that risk compounds — one or two factors already began to reduce lifespan, but once you hit three or more, the downward spiral steepened sharply.

• Even small improvements made a measurable difference — Participants who managed to reduce just one major risk in their 50s saw a significant improvement in expected healthy years.

For example, among adults aged 55 to 60, lowering high blood pressure gave the biggest gain in years lived without cardiovascular disease, while quitting smoking led to the most years added free from early death. These findings suggest that it's smart to take action to live healthier at any age — and even one positive change pays off.

• No single factor acts alone — they interact and compound harm — One of the most important insights from the study was how these risk factors amplify each other. For example, obesity increases your odds of developing high blood pressure and diabetes. Smoking affects cholesterol and inflammation.

It's not just five separate problems — it's a tangled web that accelerates aging and disease progression when left unaddressed. Further, keep in mind that cholesterol is involved in essential bodily functions, including cell membrane structure, hormone production and vitamin D synthesis, making optimization — not necessarily lowering — the goal.

• The damage is mitochondrial at its core — Though the paper didn't explore biological mechanisms, the outcomes align with what we already know. These risks compromise cellular energy production. Smoking floods your body with toxins that disrupt mitochondrial respiration.

High blood sugar from diabetes damages blood vessels and stresses cell metabolism. Chronic inflammation from obesity alters how mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), your body's main energy currency that your cells need to survive and repair.

• High blood pressure starves tissues of oxygen and promotes oxidative stress — High blood pressure forces your heart to pump harder, thickening your heart muscle and stiffening arteries. This reduces oxygen delivery to tissues and increases reactive oxygen species, which damage cell membranes and mitochondrial DNA. Over time, this damage makes it harder for your body to repair itself, increasing your vulnerability to disease and shortening your lifespan.

• Tobacco toxins degrade cell membranes and trigger metabolic chaos — Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals that damage nearly every organ system. On a cellular level, these toxins degrade lipid membranes, interfere with mitochondrial function and promote widespread oxidative stress.

• Excess fat and blood sugar fuel a vicious metabolic loop — Obesity and diabetes are signs of broken metabolic signaling. High insulin, elevated triglycerides and impaired fat metabolism interfere with how your cells process fuel. Mitochondria lose efficiency, inflammation rises and the entire system becomes overworked.

1. Eliminate LA from your diet — If you only do one thing, make it this. LA hides in almost all processed food, restaurant meals, salad dressings, chips, baked goods and even so-called "healthy" snacks. If you're eating packaged, fast food or fried food — even if it's organic — you're likely overdosing on vegetable oils. Swap all vegetable oils for saturated fats like grass fed tallow, ghee, or butter.

Also avoid olive and avocado oil, as they're often mixed with vegetable oil and contain high amounts of monounsaturated fat, which causes similar mitochondrial stress. I recommend keeping your total LA intake below 5 grams a day. If you can get it below 2 grams, that's even better. Track your intake for a few days using an online nutrition tracker to get a sense of where you are.

2. Track your HOMA-IR score — not just your glucose — Don't rely solely on standard fasting glucose tests to evaluate your metabolic health. Insulin resistance starts long before your blood sugar becomes abnormal. One of the simplest and most reliable ways to gauge how well your body handles insulin is through a test called HOMA-IR, short for Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.

HOMA-IR only requires two basic blood tests done first thing in the morning before you eat: one for fasting glucose and one for fasting insulin levels. These tests are relatively affordable and widely available at most labs. Armed with those numbers, you then plug them into a straightforward formula to get your HOMA-IR score:

HOMA-IR = (Fasting Glucose in mg/dL × Fasting Insulin in μU/mL) / 405

The goal is to see just how hard your body is working to keep your blood sugar in check. If your HOMA-IR is higher than 1.0, it's generally a warning sign that you might be edging into insulin resistance territory. The lower your score, the better your insulin sensitivity, so even values that hover around 1.0 deserve some attention if you're looking to optimize your health.

3. Consume enough healthy carbs — If you've been on a low-carb or keto diet, you could be unknowingly worsening mitochondrial dysfunction. Carbohydrates play a key role in supporting your mitochondrial function.

Glucose, derived from carbohydrates, serves as your cells' preferred fuel source for energy production. Instead of restricting carbs, focus on eating 250 grams of the right types, such as whole fruits, white rice, root vegetables, and well-tolerated whole grains. If you have unbalanced gut bacteria, or dysbiosis, avoid fiber, including whole grains, until your gut is healed.

4. Prioritize walking at least an hour each day — Movement is nonnegotiable for restoring metabolic health. Walking boosts mitochondrial energy production, improves blood flow, supports detox pathways and lowers blood pressure without stressing your system. If you're sedentary or spend most of your day sitting, start with shorter walks after meals to help control blood sugar. Build up to 60 minutes daily, ideally outdoors in natural light.

5. Get sunlight every day — but avoid peak hours until you've reduced vegetable oils — Sunlight is one of the most powerful tools to increase cellular energy and improve metabolic health. It triggers nitric oxide release, supports circadian rhythm and boosts melatonin in your mitochondria.

But if you've been eating vegetable oils, your skin is full of fragile fats that oxidize in the sun. That's why sunburn risk skyrockets for most people. It's best to avoid direct sunlight during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) until you've cut back on LA for at least six months.